Abstract: We established an efficient in vitro protocol for somatic embryogenesis and plantlet conversion of Korean wild ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer). Wild-type and mutant adventitious roots derived from the ginseng produced calli on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.3 mg/L kinetin; 53.3% of the explants formed callus. Embryogenic callus proliferation and somatic embryo induction occurred on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D. The induced somatic embryos further developed to maturity on MS medium with 5 mg/L gibberellic acid (GA3) and 85% of them germinated. The germinated embryos were developed to shoots and elongated on MS medium with 5 mg/L GA3. The shoots developed into plants with well-developed taproots on 1/3 strength Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) basal medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). When the plants transferred to soil, about 30% of the regenerated plants developed into normal plants.
Tag Archives: science
Antiviral activity of ginsenosides against coxsackievirus B3, enterovirus 71, and human rhinovirus 3 – Accepted Manuscript
Abstract: Background: Ginsenosides are the major components responsible for the biochemical and pharmacological actions of ginseng, and have been shown to have various biological activities. In this study, we investigate the antiviral activities of seven ginsenosides (PT type: Re, Rf, and Rg2; PD type: Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd) against coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), enterovirus 71 (EV71), and human rhinovirus 3 (HRV3).Methods: Assays of antiviral activity and cytotoxicity were evaluated by the SRB method using cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay.Results: Antiviral assays demonstrated that, of the seven ginsenosides, the PT type ginsenosides (Re, Rf, and Rg2) possess significant antiviral activities against CVB3 and HRV3 at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Among the PT type ginsenosides, only ginsenoside Rg2 showed significant anti-EV71 activity with no cytotoxicity to cells at 100 μg/mL. The PD type ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd), on the other hand, did not show any significant antiviral activity against CVB3, EV71, and HRV3, and exhibited cytotoxic effects to virus-infected cells. Notably, the antiviral efficacies of PT type ginsenosides were comparable to those of ribavirin, a commonly used antiviral drug.Conclusion: Collectively, our findings suggest that the ginsenosides Re, Rf, and Rg2 have the potential to be effective in the treatment of CVB3, EV71, and HRV3 infection.
