Chong Myung-Tang (CMT) extract is being widely used in Korea as a traditional herbal tonic for increasing memory capacity in high school students and also for numerous body ailments since centuries. The use of CMT as to improve the learning capacity has been attributed to various plant constituents majorly black ginseng present in it. Therefore, in this study, we have first investigated whether black ginseng enriched CMT extracts affected spatial learning using Morris water maze test. Their molecular mechanism of action underlying improvement of learning and memory was examined in vitro.

The natural ratios of C, N, and S stable isotopes can be varied to some specific living creatures owing to various isotopic fractionation processes in nature. Therefore, the analysis of C, N, and S stable isotope ratios in ginseng can provide a feasible method for determining ginseng authenticity depending on the cultivation land and type of fertilizer.

Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. or Vietnamese ginseng (VG) is a recently discovered ginseng species. Studies on its chemical constituents have shown that VG is remarkably rich in ginseng saponins, particularly ocotillol saponins. However, the psychopharmacological effects of VG have not been characterized. Thus, in the present study we screened the psychopharmacological activities of VG in mice.

The incidence of halitosis has a prevalence of 22% to 50% throughout the world and is generally caused by anaerobic oral microorganisms, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Clostridium perfringens and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Previous investigations on the structure-activity relationships of ginsenosides have led to contrasting results. Particularly, the antibacterial activity of less polar ginsenosides against halitosis-related bacteria has not been reported.

Steaming process of Panax ginseng has been reported to increase its major known bioactive components, ginsenosides, therefore its biological properties compared to regular Panax ginseng. Biological functions of red Panax ginseng attenuating a pro-oxidant environment associated with chronic diseases are of particular interest, since oxidative stress can be a key contributor to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases. In addition, proper utilization of various biomarkers for evaluating antioxidant activities in natural products such as ginseng can also be important providing validity to their activities.

Fermented black ginseng (FBG) is processed ginseng by the repeated heat treatment and fermentation of raw ginseng. The protective effect and mechanism of FBG on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity was investigated to evaluate its therapeutic potential.

Ginsenosides are the main pharmacological components of Panax ginseng root, which are thought to be primarily responsible for the suppressing effect on oxidative stress.

The presence of gross deletions in the HIV nef gene (gΔnef) is associated with long-term non-progression of infected patients. Here, we investigated how quickly genetic defects in the nef gene are associated with Korean red ginseng (KRG) intake in 10 long-term slow progressors (LTSPs).

Radiotherapy is one of the most important modalities in cancer treatment; however normal tissue damage is a serious concern. Drug development for the protection or reduction of normal tissue damage is therefore a clinical issue. Herein, we evaluated the protective properties of Panax ginseng Meyer and its corresponding mechanisms.