Ginseng authenticity testing by measuring C, N, and S stable isotope compositions that differ based on cultivation land and organic fertilizer type

The natural ratios of C, N, and S stable isotopes can be varied to some specific living creatures owing to various isotopic fractionation processes in nature. Therefore, the analysis of C, N, and S stable isotope ratios in ginseng can provide a feasible method for determining ginseng authenticity depending on the cultivation land and type of fertilizer.