Ginsenoside Rg1 was shown to exert ligand-independent activation of estrogen receptor (ER) via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated pathway. Our study aimed to delineate the mechanisms by which Rg1 activates the rapid ER signaling pathways.

To investigate the neurobiological evidence supporting the adaptogenic effects of Korean red ginseng in reducing the harmful consequences of stress using a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.