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Ginsenoside Rg1 activates ligand-independent estrogenic effects via rapid estrogen receptor signaling pathway

Ginsenoside Rg1 was shown to exert ligand-independent activation of estrogen receptor (ER) via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated pathway. Our study aimed to delineate the mechanisms by which Rg1 activates the rapid ER signaling pathways.