Ginsenosides are active components of Panax ginseng that exert various health benefits including kidney protection effect. The medicinal activity of ginsenosides can be enhanced by modulating their stereospecificity by heat processing. Ginsenosides Rk2 and Rh3 represent positional isomers of the double bond at C-20(21) or C-20(22).

Ginseng has gained its popularity as an adaptogen since ancient days due to their triterpenoid saponins, known as ginsenosides. These triterpenoid saponins are unique and classified as protopanaxatriol and protopanaxadiol saponins based on their glycosylation patterns. It shows many protective roles in humans and is of intense research to understand their efficacy at the molecular aspect in various disorders. Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 are the most abundant ginsenosides present in ginseng roots, and they confer the pharmacological property of it while ginsenoside Rg3 is abundantly present in the Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) preparation, which is highly known for its anti-cancer effect.

Red ginseng oil (RGO) is produced by supercritical CO2 extraction of secondary products derived from Korean red ginseng extract. As the use of RGO has increased, product safety concerns have become more important.

Panax notoginseng leaves (PNL) exhibit the extensive activities, but few analytical methods were established to exclusively determine the dammarane triterpene saponins in PNL.

Recent studies revealed that the property of traditional Chinese medicine is mostly associated with the substance and energy metabolism. Our study was to compare the effect of red ginseng (warm property) and ginseng leaves (cold property) on the substance and energy metabolism in hypothyroidism rats.

The use of different methods for the processing of ginseng can result in alterations in its medicinal properties and efficacy. White ginseng (WG), frozen ginseng (FG), and red ginseng (RG) are produced using different methods. WG, FG, and RG possess different pharmacological properties.

Red Ginseng (RG) is widely used to treat complications of diabetes and atherosclerosis due to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities.

Ocotillol-type saponins are one kind of tetracyclic triterpenoids, sharing a tetrahydrofuran ring. Natural ocotillol-type saponins have been discovered in Panax. quinquefolius L., Panax japonicus, Hana Mina, and Vietnamese ginseng. In recent years, the semi-synthesis of 20(S/R)-ocotillol-type saponins has been reported. The biological activities of ocotillol-type saponins include neuroprotective effect, anti-myocardial ischemia, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor etc. Owing to characteristics of their chemical structure, pharmacological actions and the stereoselective activity on anti-myocardial ischemia, ocotillol-type saponins are subjected to extensive consideration.

Korean Red Ginseng has been used for several decades to treat many diseases, enhancing both immunity and physical strength. Previous studies have documented the therapeutic effects of ginseng, including its anti-cancer, anti-aging, and anti-inflammatory activities. These activities are mediated by ginsenosides present in the ginseng plant. Ginsenoside Rg3, an effective compound from Red Ginseng, has been shown to have anti-platelet activity in addition to its anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities.