Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a traditional herbal medicine made by steaming and drying fresh ginseng. It strengthens the endocrine and immune systems to ameliorate various inflammatory responses. The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 pathway has important implications for inflammation responses and tumorigenesis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a transcription factor that regulates not only adipogenesis and lipid homeostasis but also angiogenesis and inflammatory responses.
Optimal light for the greenhouse culture of American ginseng seedlings
Three greenhouse experiments with American ginseng seedlings growing under light levels from 4.8 to 68% showed a quadratic response for root dry weight giving an optimal root dry weight of 239 mg (range 160 to 415) at an optimal light level of 35.6% (range 30.6 to 43.2).
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Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibiting HCT116 colon cancer cell proliferation through blocking PDZ-binding kinase/T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase
Ginsenosides Rh2 (GRh2) are the main bioactive components in American ginseng, a commonly used herb, and its anti-tumor activity had been studied in previous studies. PDZ-binding kinase/T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (PBK/TOPK), a serine/threonine protein kinase, is highly expressed in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells.
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Protective effect of ginsenoside Rk3 and Rh4 on cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in vitro and in vivo
Nephrotoxicity is the major side effect in cisplatin chemotherapy. Previously, we reported that the ginsenoside Rk3 and Rh4 reduced cisplatin toxicity on porcine renal proximal epithelial tubular cells (LLC-PK1). Here, we aimed to evaluate the protective effect of ginsenoside Rk3 and Rh4 on kidney function and elucidate their antioxidant effect using in vitro and in vivo models of cisplatin-induced acute renal failure (AKI).
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The effect of B-complex vitamins on the antifatigue activity and bioavailability of ginsenoside Re after oral administration
There is limited understanding of the interaction between ginsenoside Re and B-complex vitamins.
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Black ginseng enriched Chong Myung-Tang extracts improves spatial learning behavior in rats and elicits anti-inflammatory effects in vitro
Chong Myung-Tang (CMT) extract is being widely used in Korea as a traditional herbal tonic for increasing memory capacity in high school students and also for numerous body ailments since centuries. The use of CMT as to improve the learning capacity has been attributed to various plant constituents majorly black ginseng present in it. Therefore, in this study, we have first investigated whether black ginseng enriched CMT extracts affected spatial learning using Morris water maze test. Their molecular mechanism of action underlying improvement of learning and memory was examined in vitro.
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Ginseng authenticity testing by measuring C, N, and S stable isotope compositions that differ based on cultivation land and organic fertilizer type
The natural ratios of C, N, and S stable isotopes can be varied to some specific living creatures owing to various isotopic fractionation processes in nature. Therefore, the analysis of C, N, and S stable isotope ratios in ginseng can provide a feasible method for determining ginseng authenticity depending on the cultivation land and type of fertilizer.
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The psychopharmacological activities of Vietnamese ginseng in mice: characterization of its psychomotor, sedative-hypnotic, anti-stress, anxiolytic, and cognitive effects
Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. or Vietnamese ginseng (VG) is a recently discovered ginseng species. Studies on its chemical constituents have shown that VG is remarkably rich in ginseng saponins, particularly ocotillol saponins. However, the psychopharmacological effects of VG have not been characterized. Thus, in the present study we screened the psychopharmacological activities of VG in mice.
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Improved antimicrobial effect of ginseng extract by heat transformation
The incidence of halitosis has a prevalence of 22% to 50% throughout the world and is generally caused by anaerobic oral microorganisms, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Clostridium perfringens and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Previous investigations on the structure-activity relationships of ginsenosides have led to contrasting results. Particularly, the antibacterial activity of less polar ginsenosides against halitosis-related bacteria has not been reported.
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Implications of red in oxidative stress associated chronic diseases
Steaming process of Panax ginseng has been reported to increase its major known bioactive components, ginsenosides, therefore its biological properties compared to regular Panax ginseng. Biological functions of red Panax ginseng attenuating a pro-oxidant environment associated with chronic diseases are of particular interest, since oxidative stress can be a key contributor to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases. In addition, proper utilization of various biomarkers for evaluating antioxidant activities in natural products such as ginseng can also be important providing validity to their activities.
