Cylindrocarpon destructans/Ilyonectria radicicola is thought to cause both rusty symptom and root-rot disease of American and Korean ginseng. Root-rot disease poses a more serious threat to ginseng roots than rusty symptoms, which we argue result from the plant defense response to pathogen attack. Therefore, strains causing rotten root are characterized as more aggressive than strains causing rusty symptoms. In this review, we describe the molecular evidence indicating that the pathogen strains are genetically polyphyletic and should be divided into several species.

Furosine (ε-N-2-furoylmethyl-L-lysine, FML) is an amino acid derivative, which is considered to be an important indicator of the extent of damage (deteriorating the quality of amino acid and proteins due to a blockage of lysine and a decrease in digestibility of proteins) during the early stages of the Maillard reaction. In addition, FML has been proven to be harmful because it is closely related to a variety of diseases such as diabetes. The qualitative analysis of FML in fresh and processed ginsengs is confirmed using a high performance liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS).

BIOGF1K, a compound K-rich fraction, has been shown to display anti-inflammatory activity. Although Panax ginseng is widely used for the prevention of photoaging events induced by ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiation, the effect of BIOGF1K on photoaging has not yet been examined. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of BIOGF1K on UVB-induced photoaging events.

Although ginseng has been shown to have an anti-obesity effect, anti-obesity-related mechanisms are complex and have not been completely elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated ginseng’s effects on food intake, the digestion and absorption systems, as well as liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle in order to identify the mechanisms involved. A review of previous in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that ginseng and ginsenosides can increase energy expenditure by stimulating the adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase pathway and can reduce energy intake.

Anti-hyperglycemic effects of Panax ginseng berry have never been explored in humans. The aims of this study were to assess the efficacy and safety of a 12-week treatment with ginseng berry extract in subjects with a fasting glucose level between 100 and 140 mg/dL.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential protective effects of six ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg1, and Rg3) isolated from Panax ginseng against tacrolimus (FK506)-induced apoptosis in renal proximal tubular LLC-PK1 cells.

Long-term ginseng intake can increase longevity in healthy individuals. Here we examined if long-term treatment with Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Korean Red Ginseng, KRG) can also enhance survival duration (SD) in patients with HIV-1 infection.

Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is an ethnopharmacological plant that is traditionally used to improve the body’s immune functions and ameliorate the symptoms of various diseases. However, the anti-tumorigenic effects of KRG and its underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms are not fully understood in terms of its individual components. In this study, in vitro and in vivo anti-tumorigenic activities of KRG were explored in water extract (WE), saponin fraction (SF), and non-saponin fraction (NSF).

In general, after Panax ginseng is administered orally, intestinal microbes play a crucial role in its degradation and metabolization process. Studies on the metabolism of Panax ginseng by microflora are important for obtaining a better understanding of their biological effects.

Chronic liver disease (CLD), one of the most common diseases, typically arises from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis, or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, there is a pressing need for improved treatment strategies. Korean red ginseng (KRG) has been known to have positive effects on liver disease and liver function. In this paper, we summarize the current knowledge on the beneficial effects of KRG on CLD, a condition encompassing NAFLD, alcoholic liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis, and HCC, as supported by experimental evaluation and clinical investigation.