Abstract: Ginsenosides, the major ingredients of Panax ginseng, have been under investigation for many decades due to a wide range of pharmacological activities in Asian countries. The less polar ginsenosides having one or two sugar residues are not present in nature and produced in the manufacturing process including heating, steaming, acid hydrolysis and enzyme reactions. Up to now, the 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data for identification of the less polar ginsenosides are often not available or scattered. We isolated 21 compounds including 10 pairs of 20(S) and 20(R) less polar ginsenosides (1-20), and an oleanane-type triterpene (21) from the processed ginseng preparation and tried to provide the complete 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data of the following compounds 1-21 for the rapid identification; 20(S)-ginsenosides Rh2 (1), 20(R)-Rh2 (2), 20(S)-Rg3 (3), 20(R)-Rg3 (4), 6′-O-acetyl-20(S)-Rh2 (20(S)-AcetylRh2) (5), 20(R)-AcetylRh2 (6), 25-hydroxy-20(S)-Rh2 (7), 25-hydroxy-20(S)-Rh2 (8), 20(S)-Rh1 (9), 20(R)-Rh1 (10), 20(S)-Rg2 (11), 20(R)-Rg2 (12), 25-hydroxy-20(S)-Rh1 (13), 25-hydroxy-20(R)-Rh1 (14), 20(S)-AcetylRg2 (15), 20(R)-AcetylRg2 (16), Rh4 (17), Rg5 (18), Rk1 (19), 25-hydroxy-Rh4 (20), and oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (21).
Tag Archives: science
Red Ginseng and H5N1 influenza infection – Accepted Manuscript
Enzymatic transformation of ginsenosides in Korean Red Ginseng (Panax Ginseng Meyer) extract prepared by Spezyme and Optidex – Accepted Manuscript
Abstract: In this study, we examined the effects of various enzymes on chemical conversions of ginsenosides in ginseng extract prepared by amylases. Rapidase, Econase CE, Viscozyme, Ultraflo L, and Cytolase PCL5 were used for secondary enzymatic hydrolysis after amylase treatment of ginseng extract, and ginsenoside contents, skin permeability, and chemical compositions including total sugar, acidic polysaccharide, and polyphenols were determined on the hydrolyzed ginseng extract. Rapidase treatment significantly elevated total ginsenoside contents compared with a control (p
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Investigation of ginsenosides in different tissues after elicitor treatment in Panax ginseng – Accepted Manuscript
Abstract: Background: The effect of methyl jasmonate (MJ) on ginsenoside production in different organs of ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) was evaluated after the whole plant was dipped in an MJ-containing solution. MJ can induce the production of antioxidant defense genes and secondary metabolites in plants. In ginseng, MJ treatment in adventitious root resulted in the increase of dammarenediol synthase expression but a decrease of cycloartenol synthase expression, thereby enhancing ginsenoside biosynthesis. While a previous study focused on the application of MJ to affect ginsenoside production in adventitious roots, we conducted our research on entire plants by evaluating the effect of exogenous MJ on ginsenoside production with the aim of obtaining new approaches to study ginsenoside biosynthesis response to MJ in vivo.Methods: Different parts of MJ-treated ginseng plants were analyzed for ginsenoside contents (fine root, root body, epidermis, rhizome, stem, and leaf) by high-performance liquid chromatography.Results: The total ginsenoside content of the ginseng root significantly increased after two days of MJ treatment compared with the control not subjected to MJ. Our results revealed that MJ treatment enhances ginsenoside production not in the epidermis, but in the stele of the ginseng root, implying transportation of ginsenosides from the root vasculature to the epidermis. Application of MJ enhanced protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides, whereas chilling treatment induced protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides.Conclusion: These findings indicate that the production of PPD- and PPT-type ginsenosides is differently affected by abiotic and biotic stresses in the ginseng plant, and they might play different defense mechanism roles.
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An eight-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial for the anti-diabetic effects of hydrolyzed ginseng extract – Accepted Manuscript
Abstract: Objectives: We investigated the anti-diabetic effects of hydrolyzed ginseng extract for Korean participants in an eight-week, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.Methods: Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) participants (5.6≤FPG
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Biological control of Colletotrichum panacicola on Panax ginseng by Bacillus subtilis HK-CSM-1 – Accepted Manuscript
Abstract: Background: Biological control of plant pathogens using benign or beneficial microorganisms as antagonistic agents is currently considered to be an important component of integrated pest management in agricultural crops. In this study, we evaluated the potential of Bacillus subtilis HK-CSM-1 as a bio-control agent against Colletotrichum panacicola.Methods: B. subtilis strain HK-CSM-1 used for its potential as a bio-control agent of ginseng anthracnose. C. panacicola were inoculated to ginseng plants, and disease incidence and severity assessment were carried out to examine biocontrol efficacy of the bacterium against the disease.Results: Inoculation of P. ginseng plants with B. subtilis significantly suppressed the number of disease lesions of C. panacicola and was as effective as chemical fungicide (Iminoctadinetris [albesilate]). The antifungal activity of B. subtilis against C. panacicola was observed on a co-culture medium. Interestingly, B. subtilis treatment did not significantly affect the diameter of the lesions, suggesting that the mechanism of protection was through the reduction in the incidence of infection related to the initial events of the infection cycle including penetration and infection via spore germination and appressorium formation rather than by the inhibition of invasive growth after infection.Conclusion: Our results suggest that B. subtilis HK-CSM-1 can be used as an effective and ecologically friendly bio-control agent of anthracnose in P. ginseng.
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Effects of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng), urushiol (Rhus vernicifera Stokes), and probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 and Lactobacillus acidophilus R0052) on the gut-liver axis of alcoholic liver disease – Accepted Manuscript
Abstract: The roles of immune reaction and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) have been widely established in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). We evaluated the biologic efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG), urushiol, and probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 and Lactobacillus acidophilus R0052) in mouse models of ALD. Sixty C57BL/6 mice were equally divided into 6 feeding groups for 10 weeks: normal diet, alcohol, control, alcohol+KRG, alcohol+urushiol, and alcohol+probiotics. Alcohol was administered via a Lieber–DeCarli liquid diet with 10% alcohol. TLR-4 expression, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and histology as well as the results of liver function tests were evaluated and compared. No between-group differences were observed with regard to liver function. TLR-4 levels were significantly lower in the KRG, urushiol, and probiotics groups than in the alcohol group (0.37±0.06, 0.39±0.12, and 0.33±0.07, respectively vs. 0.88±0.31 ng/ml, p
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Effect of a soluble prebiotic fiber, NUTRIOSE®, on the absorption of ginsenoside Rd in ginseng orally-administered rats – Accepted Manuscript
Abstract: In order to understand the effect of dietary components on the absorption of ginsenosides and their metabolites into the blood, we studied the pharmacokinetics of the ginseng extract and its main constituent ginsenoside Rb1 in rats with or without pretreatment with a prebiotic fiber, NUTRIOSE®, by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). When ginsenoside Rb1 was incubated with rat feces, its main metabolite was ginsenoside Rd. When the intestinal microbiota of rat feces were cultured in vitro, their ginsenoside Rd-forming activities were significantly induced by NUTRIOSE®. When ginsenoside Rb1 was orally administered to rats, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma drug concentration time curve (AUC) for the main metabolite, ginsenoside Rd, was 72.4 ± 31.6 ng/mL and 663.9 ± 285.3 μg·h/mL, respectively. When the ginseng extract (2,000 mg/kg) was orally administered, Cmax and AUC for ginsenoside Rd were 906.5 ± 330.2 ng/mL and 11,377.3 ± 4,470.2 μg·h/mL, respectively. When ginseng extract was orally administered to rats fed NUTRIOSE® containing diets (2.5%, 5%, or 10%), Cmax and AUC were increased in the NUTRIOSE® receiving groups in a dose-dependent manner. These findings reveal that intestinal microflora promote metabolic conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 and ginseng extract to ginsenoside Rd and promote its absorption into the blood in rats. Its conversion may be induced by prebiotic diets such as NUTRIOSE®.
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Discrimination of white ginseng origins using multivariate statistical analysis of data sets – Uncorrected Proof
Abstract: Background: White ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is commonly distributed as a health food in food markets. However, there is no practical method for distinguishing Korean white ginseng (KWG) from Chinese white ginseng (CWG), except for relying on the traceability system in the market.Methods: Ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) was employed to discriminate between KWG and CWG.Results: The origins of white ginsengs in two test sets (1.0 μL and 0.2 μL injections) could be successfully discriminated by the OPLS-DA analysis. From OPLS-DA S-plots, KWG exhibited tentative markers derived from ginsenoside Rf and notoginsenoside R3 isomer, whereas CWG exhibited tentative markers derived from ginsenoside Ro and chikusetsusaponin Iva.Conclusion: Results suggest that ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry coupled with OPLS-DA is an efficient tool for identifying the difference between the geographical origins of white ginsengs.
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Plant regeneration of Korean wild ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) mutant lines induced by γ-irradiation (60Co) of adventitious roots – Accepted Manuscript
Abstract: We established an efficient in vitro protocol for somatic embryogenesis and plantlet conversion of Korean wild ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer). Wild-type and mutant adventitious roots derived from the ginseng produced calli on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.3 mg/L kinetin; 53.3% of the explants formed callus. Embryogenic callus proliferation and somatic embryo induction occurred on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D. The induced somatic embryos further developed to maturity on MS medium with 5 mg/L gibberellic acid (GA3) and 85% of them germinated. The germinated embryos were developed to shoots and elongated on MS medium with 5 mg/L GA3. The shoots developed into plants with well-developed taproots on 1/3 strength Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) basal medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). When the plants transferred to soil, about 30% of the regenerated plants developed into normal plants.
